Reference

76 terms, decoded

Yard slang, trade shorthand and regulatory vocabulary, defined the way we would define them to a new hire on their first morning.

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The five that matter most

Heel (the concentrated residue left after draining), ghosting (permanent pigment shadow in the bottle wall), prior-contents declaration (the document the whole trade depends on), rebottling (new bottle, reused cage) and specific gravity (the number that decides whether your equipment can lift it). Understand those five and most of this trade makes sense.

B C D E F G H I J L M N P R S T U V W

B

Backlighting: Holding a bright light against one wall of a bottle and viewing through from the other side. The fastest way to find haze, film and ghosting that are invisible from the lid opening. → Buying checklist
Bottle: The plastic inner receptacle of a composite IBC — usually blow-moulded natural HDPE, 60 to 80 mil wall. The consumable part of the container.
Buttress thread: The asymmetric coarse thread used on most IBC outlets and lids. S60x6 is the common North American outlet designation. → Valve sizes
Backhaul: A return leg a truck would otherwise run empty. When your load fits one, the marginal cost is small and we price it accordingly — usually in exchange for a two or three day window. → Transport
Brix: A measure of dissolved sugar by weight percent. A 70 Brix juice concentrate is about 70% sugar and has a specific gravity near 1.35, which makes a filled 275-gallon tote roughly 3,120 lb.
Bulkhead fitting: A through-wall fitting with gaskets either side, used on upcycled builds. The correct way to add a port to a bottle; a self-tapping fitting will not hold reliably under head pressure.
Butterfly valve: A quarter-turn valve where a disc rotates within the bore and the seat does the sealing. Cheap, compact and the default on composite IBCs.

C

Cage: The welded galvanised steel tube frame around a composite IBC's bottle. Structural, repairable, and typically outlives three or four bottles.
Camlock: A quick-connect coupling system pairing a male adapter with a female coupler, lettered A to F by end connection. Type F on a tote valve and Type C on the hose is the usual pairing.
CIP — clean in place: Cleaning a vessel without dismantling it, using a spray device and circulated chemistry. On our line it means caustic at 2–4%, 160–180°F, through a 360° rotating lance. → The reconditioning line
Composite IBC: An IBC with a rigid plastic inner receptacle in a separate structural outer frame — the standard caged tote. UN design type 31HA1 for liquids.
Compression set: The permanent flattening a gasket takes on after long compression. A compression-set seal will weep even though it looks intact; replace it routinely.
Crazing: A network of fine surface cracks in a polymer, usually from chemical attack or stress. In a bottle wall it is the beginning of failure.
Cage-only: A sound galvanised frame sold without a bottle, at roughly 5–10% of new-unit cost. The input to rebottling, and cheap raw material for racking and fabrication.
Camlock: A quick-connect coupling system pairing a male adapter with a female coupler, lettered A to F by end connection, plus DC and DP caps and plugs. → Valves & fittings

D

DAF — dissolved air flotation: A water treatment stage where micro-bubbles lift fine suspended solids and oils to a skimmed surface layer. The stage that makes wash-water reuse viable rather than theoretical.
Diversion certificate: A document stating unit counts, weights by material stream, destination routes and dates for an end-of-life batch. What auditors ask for when they want evidence rather than assurance. → Recycling & regrind
Dust cap: A plastic cover over the outlet valve, usually tamper-evident. Both transit protection and visible proof nobody has opened the valve since loading.
DAF: Dissolved air flotation. The wash-water stage where micro-bubbles lift fine suspended solids and oils to a skimmed surface layer — what makes recirculation viable rather than theoretical.
Diversion rate: The share of inbound material, by weight, that leaves by a recovery route rather than to landfill. Ours was 97.4% in 2025, measured against certified gate weights. → Loop Ledger

E

Exchange: Delivering clean graded units and collecting dirty ones on the same truck. Freight is paid once instead of twice and nobody waits for a wash cycle.

F

Food-grade: Not a certificate. A status requiring compliant contact materials, documented edible prior service, segregated handling with recorded cleaning, and the records to prove all three. → Food-grade vs industrial
Frame gauge: A jig used to check whether a cage is square. Diagonal measurements across the top frame differing by more than about half an inch mean the cage is a reject.
First-use: A container that has held exactly one product, once. The best value in the catalogue when we can get it — visually indistinguishable from new at close to Grade A prices. → New & first-use

G

Ghosting: A permanent shadow left in a bottle wall by a prior pigment, resin or dye that has migrated into the polymer. It cannot be washed out and it caps the achievable grade.
GMA pallet footprint: The 48 × 40 inch North American grocery pallet footprint, which almost all composite IBCs to 350 gallons share. The reason they fit standard racking, dock plates and trailers.
Grade A / B / C: Our contractual condition definitions. A: food-grade eligible or rebottled. B: washed industrial. C: rinsed, as-is, non-contact. → Reconditioned totes
Gross mass: Container plus contents. Stated on the UN marking as a maximum; exceeding it voids the packaging authorisation.
GMA footprint: The 48 × 40 inch North American grocery pallet footprint that almost all composite IBCs to 350 gallons share. The reason they fit standard racking, dock plates and trailers.

H

HDPE: High-density polyethylene. The polymer almost all IBC bottles are made from — excellent with water, acids, alkalis, salts, glycols and surfactants; poor with aromatics, chlorinated solvents, fuels and heat.
Heel: The last gallon or two of product left in the bottom radius after draining. The most concentrated part of the residue, and the part that belongs in a drum rather than in your rinse water.
Hydrostatic test: A pressure test using liquid. We run it on 100% of food-line units and on a sampled basis for industrial grades.
Head pressure: The pressure exerted by a column of liquid — about 0.43 psi per foot. A three-foot stand gives roughly 1.3 psi at the outlet, which runs a soaker hose and not a sprinkler.
Heel tank: One of four segregated tanks at the pre-drain station, by prior-product family: aqueous neutral, caustic-compatible, oil and fat, and quarantine. Mixing them is the mistake that shuts a line down.

I

IBC: Intermediate bulk container — intermediate in size between a drum and a tanker. In North American trade usage, 'tote'.
ISPM-15: The international standard requiring heat treatment and marking of solid wood packaging in international trade. Applies to timber IBC pallets; steel and composite bases fall outside it. → Pallet types

J

Jig: The press fixture used to bring a racked cage back towards square, against a frame gauge. Not a hammer — forcing a badly racked frame overstresses the weld nodes.

L

Leakproofness test: An air pressure test with a soap-film or pressure-decay check. Required at least every five years for IBCs in hazardous materials service under 49 CFR 180.352.
Loop score: Our own estimate of how many further service lives remain in a container. A composite bottle has roughly seven honest lives in total; the cage has three or four bottles in it. → Tote Studio
Load centre: The horizontal distance from a forklift's fork face to the load's centre of mass. Capacity plates state a figure at 24 inches; a 48-inch-deep tote sits well beyond that and capacity falls away quickly.
Loop Ledger: Our published environmental arithmetic, including the method, the emission factors and the parts we cannot measure well. → Loop Ledger

M

Mil: One thousandth of an inch. IBC bottle walls run roughly 60 to 100 mil depending on format and specification.

N

N11 code: Three-digit service numbers like 411 and 911. Area codes and exchange codes of this pattern are invalid in the North American numbering plan, which is one of the checks our request form applies to a phone number.
Nominal capacity: The marketed volume — 275 gallons, 330 gallons. Usable capacity is roughly 3–4% lower because of required headspace and outlet position. → Size chart
N11: Three-digit service codes such as 411 and 911. Area codes and exchange codes of this pattern are invalid in the North American numbering plan — one of the checks our request form applies.

P

Packing group: The degree of danger of a hazardous material: PG I high, II medium, III low. The UN marking letter X covers I, II and III; Y covers II and III; Z covers III only.
Passivation: Chemical treatment that restores the chromium oxide layer on stainless steel after mechanical work. Part of refurbishing a stainless IBC.
Periodic inspection: The 2.5-year external visual inspection and 5-year full inspection and leakproofness test required for IBCs in hazmat service, with records. → Hazmat shipping
Prior-contents declaration: A signed statement from the site that generated a container, naming the last product and confirming empty-to-drain status. The document everything else in reconditioning depends on.
Packing group: The degree of danger of a hazardous material: PG I high, II medium, III low. The marking letter X covers I, II and III; Y covers II and III; Z covers III only.
Programme (wash): One of five routes a container takes through our line: P1 ambient rinse, P2 hot detergent, P3 caustic clean-in-place, PF the food line, or refused. → Reconditioning

R

RCRA empty: The regulatory condition at which a container holding hazardous waste residue is treated as empty under 40 CFR 261.7 — broadly, all waste removed by common practices and residue below prescribed thresholds. Acutely hazardous residues require triple-rinsing.
Rebottling: Fitting a new blow-moulded bottle into a reclaimed, straightened cage and pallet. A virgin contact surface at roughly 55–65% of new-unit cost, keeping 100% of the steel. → Rebottled totes
Reconditioner mark: The marking a registered reconditioner applies to a restored UN packaging, carrying its code and the month and year of reconditioning, alongside the original design-type marking.
Regrind: Granulated HDPE from cut and washed bottles, sold as feedstock for non-food moulded and extruded products — drainage pipe, crates, agricultural fittings, composite lumber.
Rebottling: Fitting a new blow-moulded bottle into a reclaimed, straightened cage and pallet. A virgin contact surface at 55–65% of new-unit cost, keeping 100% of the steel. → Rebottled totes
Reconditioner mark: The marking a registered reconditioner applies to a restored UN packaging, carrying its code and the month and year of reconditioning.

S

S60x6: The common North American IBC outlet thread: a 63 mm buttress thread with a 6 mm pitch, measuring 61–63 mm across the male crests. Not interchangeable with S56x4.
Specific gravity: A liquid's density relative to water. The number that decides filled weight, and therefore which rack beams, pallet jacks and lift gates can handle your container. → Weights & footprints
Spray ball: A fixed perforated sphere that distributes wash water inside a vessel. Simpler and less effective than a rotating lance; fine for rinses, inadequate for caustic work.
Stack rating: The maximum superimposed load a filled container may carry, stated on the UN marking. In practice a two-high stack of filled composite IBCs requires a square cage, sound welds and an undamaged pallet.
Stainless 304 / 316L: The two common stainless grades for IBCs. 316L adds molybdenum for chloride and acid resistance and the low-carbon designation improves weld corrosion resistance; 304 is sufficient and cheaper for solvents, alcohols and general duty.
Stress whitening: White, crazed areas at a bottle's lower corner radius caused by over-filling, freezing or impact. Where bottles fail, and they fail suddenly.
Sniff bench: The station where a washed container is backlit and smelled at the lid before a grade is confirmed. Two independent noses on anything heading for a food-grade call.

T

Tare: The empty weight of a container. About 137 lb for a 275-gallon composite on a steel pallet.
Tri-clamp: A sanitary clamp fitting used on stainless vessels, sealed with a gasket between two ferrules. Standard where cleaning must be validated.
Triple rinse: Three successive rinses with fresh liquid, draining between each. The prescribed decontamination method for certain pesticide and acutely hazardous residues, and the baseline of our own ambient programme.
Tare: The empty weight of a container — about 137 lb for a 275-gallon composite on a steel base, 124 lb on composite and 131 lb on timber.
Two-failure rule: A bottle reaches the granulator only after failing reuse twice: once at the inbound bench and once after a wash attempt. It follows from chemistry rather than from policy.

U

Ullage: The empty space left above a liquid in a filled container. Required by filling limits so the contents can expand without pressurising the vessel.
UN 31HA1: The design type code for a composite IBC for liquids with a plastic inner receptacle in a steel outer frame. The code on most caged totes you will meet. → UN marking decoder
Ullage: The empty space left above a liquid in a filled container, required by filling limits so contents can expand without pressurising the vessel.

V

Valve boss: The moulded outlet feature on the bottle. Designed to hold a valve and resist static head — not to carry a pump or a rigid pipe run. A cracked boss is unrepairable.
Viton (FKM): A fluoroelastomer used for seals in aromatic, chlorinated, fatty, fuel and higher-temperature service, where EPDM swells and fails. → Lids & gaskets

W

Weight ticket: The certified-scale record of a load's gross weight and count. The basis of every purchase settlement and the denominator in our diversion arithmetic.
White rust: The powdery white zinc oxide bloom on galvanised steel. Cosmetic in itself; red rust through the zinc at a structural member is the reject criterion.

Keep reading

Where these terms get used

Keep reading

Full FAQ

Sixty-seven questions in this vocabulary.

Keep reading

UN marking decoder

The regulatory half.

Keep reading

The reconditioning line

Where the yard slang comes from.

The terms in use

Where this vocabulary comes from

Every table below uses the language defined above. If a definition is unclear, the table usually settles it.

Container formats

Container formats — 12 variants, full dimensional data
Format	Nominal	Usable	L × W × H	Tare (steel base)	Gross, water	Outlet	Stack filled	Availability
275 gal standard	275 gal / 1,041 L	265 gal	48 × 40 × 46"	137 lb	2,347 lb	2" S60x6	2 high	Ex-stock
275 gal tall	275 gal / 1,041 L	264 gal	48 × 40 × 53"	141 lb	2,342 lb	2" S60x6	2 high	Regular
330 gal standard	330 gal / 1,249 L	320 gal	48 × 40 × 53"	165 lb	2,834 lb	2" S60x6	2 high	Ex-stock
350 gal	350 gal / 1,325 L	338 gal	48 × 40 × 58"	172 lb	2,991 lb	2" or 3"	2 high	Occasional
400 gal	400 gal / 1,514 L	386 gal	48 × 46 × 60"	198 lb	3,417 lb	3" buttress	1 high	Order
550 gal	550 gal / 2,082 L	532 gal	48 × 48 × 72"	251 lb	4,688 lb	3" buttress	1 high	Occasional
120 gal mini	120 gal / 454 L	115 gal	32 × 32 × 36"	71 lb	1,030 lb	2" S60x6	2 high	Occasional
180 gal	180 gal / 681 L	174 gal	40 × 40 × 42"	98 lb	1,549 lb	2" S60x6	2 high	Order
Stainless 265 gal	265 gal / 1,003 L	258 gal	48 × 40 × 50"	285 lb	2,436 lb	2" tri-clamp	2 high	Occasional
Stainless 330 gal	330 gal / 1,249 L	322 gal	48 × 40 × 56"	330 lb	3,015 lb	2" tri-clamp	2 high	Occasional
Stainless 400 gal	400 gal / 1,514 L	390 gal	48 × 46 × 62"	385 lb	3,637 lb	3" tri-clamp	1 high	Order
Stainless 500 gal	500 gal / 1,893 L	488 gal	48 × 48 × 68"	430 lb	4,600 lb	3" tri-clamp	1 high	Order

Grade matrix

Grades A, B and C against cage-only — what each one permits
	Grade A	Grade B	Grade C	Cage / pallet only
Bottle clarity	Clear / near-clear	Haze & staining permitted	Ghosting permitted	n/a
Prior service	Documented edible, signed at source	Industrial, declared	Industrial, declared	Any declared
Wash programme	Food line, recorded	Programme to residue, recorded	Ambient rinse	Cage rinse only
Hydrostatic test	100% of units	Sampled	Sampled	n/a
New valve & gaskets	Yes, FDA-compliant	Yes	Sound or new	n/a
New lid	Yes	Yes	Sound or new	n/a
Re-marked	Yes	Yes	Where the plate survives	No
Stackable when filled	2 high	2 high	No	n/a
30-day leak warranty	Yes	Yes	No — watertight at loading	No warranty
Food / potable	Yes, with records	No	No	n/a
Cost vs new	≈ 35–45%	≈ 25–32%	≈ 18–24%	≈ 5–10%
Lead time	Ex-stock to 5 days	Ex-stock	Ex-stock	Ex-stock
Loop score (lives left)	5–6	4–5	2–3	3–4 bottles

Wash programmes

Wash programmes — temperature, chemistry, cycle time and relative cost
Code	Programme	Temperature	Chemistry	Cycle	Relative cost	Suits
P1	Ambient flood rinse	Ambient	Process water, occasional mild alkaline	90 sec	1.0×	Water-miscible residues
P2	Hot detergent	140°F	Alkaline detergent 1.5–2.5%	3 min	2.2×	Oils, fats, filming products
P3	Caustic clean-in-place	160–180°F	NaOH 2–4% + surfactant	6–9 min	4.5×	Pigments, latex, resins, heavy concentrates
PF	Food line (Bay 1)	140°F	Alkaline detergent 2% + 100% hydrostatic	3 min + test	3.1×	Documented edible prior service
Refused	Not accepted	—	—	—	—	Unknown, acute, labelled-destruction, radiological

Seal compatibility

Elastomer compatibility for outlet gaskets and lid seals — 21 media
Medium	EPDM	Viton (FKM)	Silicone	PTFE	We would fit
Water, potable & process	Excellent	Excellent	Excellent	Excellent	EPDM
Dilute acids (<10%)	Good	Excellent	Fair	Excellent	EPDM
Concentrated acids	Poor	Good	Poor	Excellent	PTFE
Caustic soda, alkalis	Excellent	Fair	Fair	Excellent	EPDM
Liquid fertiliser, UAN	Excellent	Good	Fair	Excellent	EPDM
Glycols, coolants, de-icer	Excellent	Good	Good	Excellent	EPDM
Surfactants, detergents	Excellent	Good	Good	Excellent	EPDM
Edible oils, fats	Poor	Excellent	Poor	Excellent	Viton
Mineral oils	Poor	Excellent	Poor	Excellent	Viton
Aromatic solvents	Poor	Excellent	Poor	Excellent	Viton
Chlorinated solvents	Poor	Good	Poor	Excellent	Viton / PTFE
Ketones (acetone, MEK)	Fair	Poor	Poor	Excellent	PTFE
Alcohols	Good	Good	Good	Excellent	EPDM
Fuels, diesel, kerosene	Poor	Excellent	Poor	Excellent	Viton
Juice & syrup concentrate	Excellent	Excellent	Excellent	Excellent	FDA EPDM
Brine, pickling liquor	Good	Excellent	Fair	Excellent	Viton
Hot fill 140–180°F	Fair	Excellent	Excellent	Excellent	Viton / silicone
Hydrogen peroxide (dilute)	Good	Fair	Fair	Excellent	EPDM / PTFE
Sodium hypochlorite	Good	Good	Fair	Excellent	EPDM
Steam / CIP chemistry	Excellent	Fair	Good	Excellent	EPDM
Outdoor weathering & ozone	Excellent	Good	Excellent	Excellent	EPDM

Outlet threads and camlocks

Outlet thread identification — measure the crest diameter and the span of six crests
Designation	Male crest OD	Pitch	Six crests span	Where you see it	Adapts to
S60x6 (63 mm buttress)	61–63 mm	6 mm	36 mm	Most NA composite IBCs, 2" outlet	3/4"–2" NPT, camlock, hose tail
S56x4	≈ 56 mm	4 mm	24 mm	Older and some imported bottles	3/4"–2" NPT via adapter
S70x6	≈ 70 mm	6 mm	36 mm	Some European bottles	2" NPT via adapter
3" buttress	75–80 mm	6 mm	36 mm	330 gal+ and viscous-product units	2"–3" NPT, 3" camlock
2" NPT	≈ 60 mm	11.5 TPI	13.2 mm	Steel and stainless vessels	Standard pipe fittings
2" tri-clamp	64 mm ferrule	n/a	n/a	Sanitary stainless IBCs	Sanitary fittings
3" tri-clamp	91 mm ferrule	n/a	n/a	Larger stainless vessels	Sanitary fittings

Camlock types — what pairs with what
Type	Half	End connection	Typical use on a tote
A	Male adapter	Female thread	Screws onto the valve outlet
B	Female coupler	Male thread	Threads into a pump inlet
C	Female coupler	Hose shank	The hose end you clamp on
D	Female coupler	Female thread	Pairs with a male-threaded port
E	Male adapter	Hose shank	Hose to coupler, reverse direction
F	Male adapter	Male thread	Most common on IBC valve outlets
DC	Dust cap	—	Closes a female coupler in transit
DP	Dust plug	—	Closes a male adapter in transit

Failure modes

Failure modes on the inspection bench — 10 distinguishable causes
Mode	Cause	What it looks like	Recoverable?	Prevention	Frequency
UV embrittlement	Unshaded outdoor storage	Chalky, boardy, higher-pitched tap	No	Cover or shade it	Most common
Stress whitening at the radius	Over-fill, freeze, uneven ground	White crackled lower corners	No	Level pad, respect max gross mass	Common
Plasticisation & ghosting	Pigment, resin, solvent absorption	Permanent shadow when backlit	Rebottle	Match chemistry to material	Common
Freeze damage	Left full and sealed	Bulged panel, split seam, blown boss	Sometimes fittings only	Drain or 2/3 fill, vented lid	Seasonal spike
Valve boss cracking	Unsupported pump or rigid pipe	Star crazing at the boss root	No — rebottle	Support the pump separately	Avoidable
Impact puncture	Forklift tine, drop, collision	Hole or deep gouge	No	Handling discipline	Rare
Cage racking	Soft ground, foot impact, over-fill	Diagonals differ by > 1/2"	Jig if under 1/2"	Level load-bearing pad	Common
Weld node cracking	Fatigue, previous field weld	Rust bloom then crack	No	Never field-weld a cage	Occasional
Pallet rot / delamination	Timber base outdoors	Soft bearers, split deck	Replace base	Specify steel or composite	Very common
Seal failure	Compression set, wrong elastomer, reuse	Weeping at the boss or lid	Yes — new seal	Replace at every product change	71% of reports

Standards and regulations

Standards and regulations that govern this trade — 18 references
Reference	Title	What it covers	Who it binds
49 CFR 172.101	Hazardous materials table	Classification and authorised packaging reference	Shippers
49 CFR 172 Subpart H	Training	Who must be trained, in what, how often, with records	Any hazmat employer
49 CFR 173	Shippers — general requirements by class	Whether an IBC is authorised for your entry	Shippers
49 CFR 178 Subpart N	IBC design types, testing and marking	What the plate means and how it was earned	Makers, reconditioners
49 CFR 180.352	Periodic inspection, testing, repair & remanufacture	2.5-year visual, 5-year leakproofness + full inspection	Owners, shippers
40 CFR 261.7	RCRA empty containers	When a container counts as empty; P-list triple rinse	Generators
40 CFR 262	Generator standards	Waste determination, manifesting, accumulation	Generators
21 CFR 177.1520	Olefin polymers	HDPE compliance for food contact	Food users
21 CFR 177.2600	Rubber articles for repeated use	Gasket and seal compliance for food contact	Food users
21 CFR 110 / 117	Good manufacturing practice	Handling, storage, sanitation programmes	Food users
NSF/ANSI 61	Drinking water system components	Potable-contact material evaluation	Water utilities
29 CFR 1910.1200	Hazard communication	Workplace labelling and safety data sheets	Everyone
29 CFR 1910.146	Permit-required confined spaces	Entry into tanks and vessels	Anyone cleaning containers
29 CFR 1910.178	Powered industrial trucks	Forklift operation and certification	Yards and docks
ANSI/ITSDF B56.1	Low-lift and high-lift trucks	Capacity ratings and load centres	Yards and docks
ANSI MH16.1	Steel storage racking	Beam capacity, deflection, inspection	Warehouses
PA Title 25 Ch. 95	Wastewater treatment requirements	Industrial discharge standards in Pennsylvania	Wash lines
ISPM-15	Wood packaging in international trade	Heat treatment and marking of timber pallets	Exporters

Unit conversions

Unit conversions used across this site
Quantity	From	Equals
Volume	1 US gallon	3.785 litres
Volume	1 litre	0.2642 US gallons
Volume	275 US gal	1,041 litres
Volume	330 US gal	1,249 litres
Volume	1 cubic foot	7.481 US gallons
Volume	1 US gal	0.1337 cubic feet
Weight	1 US gal of water	8.34 lb
Weight	1 litre of water	1.0 kg
Weight	1 lb	0.4536 kg
Weight	1 kg	2.2046 lb
Weight	1 short ton	2,000 lb / 907 kg
Length	1 inch	25.4 mm
Length	48"	1,219 mm
Length	40"	1,016 mm
Pressure	1 psi	6.895 kPa
Pressure	1 bar	14.5 psi
Pressure	1 foot of water head	0.433 psi
Temperature	140°F	60°C
Temperature	180°F	82°C
Area	1 sq ft	0.0929 m²
Rainfall yield	1" rain on 1,000 sq ft	≈ 600 usable gallons

Reference shelf

Sixteen datasets, each published in full

Everything this site measures, with the row count and the page it lives on. None of it is behind a form.

Container formats12 formats, full dimensional data Grade matrix13 attributes, four conditions Prior-product list110 named products, programme and grade Wash programmes5 routes with parameters Seal compatibility21 media × four elastomers Specific gravity71 products, filled weights Failure modes10 causes, with prevention Pallet bases12 factors compared Accessories & parts41 lines, eight groups Threads & camlocks7 threads, 8 camlock types Freight lanes25 lanes, 8 vehicle types Diversion & carbon7 years, with the factors used Standards18 references, with who each binds Seasonality12-month demand and supply pattern Documents issued14, as standard Glossary & conversions76 terms, 21 conversions